什麼是“大都市”？什麼是“大都會”？別再一臉蒙啦

© Flickr user balintfoeldesi licensed under CC BY 2.0

大都市、大都會、大城市、全球化城市之間有什麼區別？

What‘s the Difference Between a Megacity， a Metropolis， a Megalopolis and a Global City？

對於現代文明來說，城市至關重要。不同城市的文化、規模、特點都有所區別，在其發展的過程中，某些區域的發展會突飛猛進。從歷史上來說，城市的人口規模是其發展的重要指標，城市越大，其產值也越大。然而，隨著上世紀的大規模城鎮化程序，城市發展的重要元素變得愈發模糊。城市景觀的型別多種多樣，對於建築師和規劃者而言，首先要明白城市型別的區別，然後再有的放矢地進行設計與規劃。那麼下文列出了上世紀出現的幾種城市型別的定義。

You can’t define modern civilization without mentioning its cities。 These urban settlements vary in culture， size and specialty， with certain areas becoming more significant throughout the development of a region。 Historically， the size or population of a settlement was a general indicator of its importance—the bigger city， the more power it yields—however， with the large rural-to-urban migration of the last century， it has become harder to define what makes a city important。 There are many types of urban landscapes， and for architects and planners it is vital to efficiently categorize settlement types in order to successfully develop designs and city plans。 The following list provides four key definitions that have emerged in the last century。

© Berenice Abbott

© Daniel Chapman licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

全球化城市

這個概念起源於1886年，在英國利物浦港口的全球貿易中，該詞語首次出現。而就現代全球化理念來說，“全球化城市”這個詞在1991年由Saskia Sassen而推廣，其主要代表城市有倫敦、東京、紐約等等。這些城市在世界經濟的發展中佔據了重要地位，同時也是全球貨物和貿易服務的重要區域。

其實要明確定義“全球化城市”的概念比較困難，因為無法嚴格地從人口和規模進行判定，但這些城市也有著一些共同點。首先就經濟而言，全球化城市必須服務於多種國際經濟形勢，多家跨國公司的總部也應設置於此。就社會而言，全球化城市必須具有多種多樣的文化、宗教、意識形態及語言。諸如上文提到的利物浦等城市曾經就是全球化城市，而現在卻已不在其行列之中，但是諸如上海等城市則被列入其中。

Global City

Tracing back to 1886， its first recorded use described the English port of Liverpool’s involvement in global trade。 Now crucial to the modern idea of globalization， ‘global city’ as a term was popularised by Saskia Sassen in 1991 with the cities of London， Tokyo and New York serving as the prime examples。 These cities are key locations within the world economy， acting as crucial centres for the global trading of goods and services。

Not strictly dictated by population or size， it is sometimes hard to quantify what makes a global city， but there are several unifying characteristics。 Economically， they must serve a variety of international economic services and host the headquarters for several multinational corporations。 Socially， it must have a high diversity of cultures， religions， ideologies and languages。 There are several cities—like the aforementioned Liverpool—that were once global cities and now are not， and several whose importance is increasing，such as Shanghai。

© Luc Legay licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0

© Flickr user 126887487@N04 licensed under CC BY 2.0

大都市

大都市來源於希臘語的“母城”，最初是移民被派去發現和殖民其他地區的地方。而這一概念現在已經逐漸發展為大城市的代名詞，大都市是國家和地區社會經濟活動的重要場所，與全球化城市有著許多相似特徵。

然而，這兩個詞語之間仍然有著細微的差別，大都市強調了一定的國際地位。許多城市的生活、發展以及基礎設施的程度較低同樣也會影響到其全球化城市的身份。因此，全球化城市肯定是大都市，但是大都市卻不一定是全球化城市。開羅和拉各斯就是後者的代表。

Metropolis

A metropolis， from the Greek for ‘mother city’， was initially the places from which settlers were sent to discover， and colonize other areas。 It has since developed into a descriptive term for large cities that are key centers of national and regional socio-economic activity， sharing many of the same characteristics with a global city。

However， the two terms vary due to the smaller emphasis a metropolis places on international significance。 The lower standard of living， development and infrastructure in many metropolises can also impact their status as a global city。 As a result， a global city is always a metropolis - but a metropolis isn’t guaranteed to be a global city。 Cairo and Lagos reflect the latter。

© Foxy Who \(^∀^)/ licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

大城市

“大城市”的概念主要用於描述人口超過一定數量的城市。這個詞語最早起源於1904年，由得克薩斯大學的學者最先提出。由於不同的組織有著不同的解釋，這個詞語的定義仍然有些模糊不清。大眾普遍認為，人口超過1000萬的城市就能被稱為是大城市，但是，就現代城市而言，人口超過800萬的地區，或者人口密度為每平方公里2000人的區域，也能稱為大城市。

現代標準來看，第一個現代城市是紐約，其在1936年的人口數量就已經超過了1000萬。從早幾年的趨勢來看，大城市多出現在傳統的發達地區，例如巴黎、倫敦、東京。然而，近幾年則有著一些改變，全球共有47座大城市，其中70%出現在亞洲，並且隨著全球化的趨勢，這些數字還會上漲。如今，人口排名前五的城市為日本東京、中國上海、印尼雅加達、印度德里、韓國首爾。

Megacity

Much less subjective， a ‘megacity’ has been used to describe cities with over a certain amount of inhabitants。 The term was first documented by the University of Texas in 1904。 Seemingly clear-cut， the definition has some ambiguity， as different organizations suggest different criteria。 A city with over 10 million inhabitants is the most widely accepted definition； however， others include urban areas with only 8 million people and also with a population density of 2000 per square kilometer as a megacity。

The first megacity by modern standards was New York， which had surpassed the 10 million population mark by 1936。 The early trend saw many of these cities appear in traditionally developed areas—such as Paris， London and Tokyo。 However， in recent years there has been a shift。 Almost 70% of the current 47 megacities are found in Asia， and this figure is likely to increase in the coming years as the global movement into urban areas continues。 Today， the top five most populated cities are Tokyo， Shanghai， Jakarta， Delhi and Seoul。

© Haluk Comertel licensed under CC BY 3.0

大都會

一些各大方面都發展良好的城市被稱為大都會，這個詞語最先出現於20世紀。其出現的原因多種多樣，因為有的城市相較於其他城市有著更快的發展速度。而大都會的出現也和其城市的地理位置息息相關，這些城市往往有著便捷的國際交通。大都會的發展對其周邊地區也能產生積極的影響，其代表案例是美國波士頓到華盛頓沿線地區，然而，正如大城市一樣，近幾年來亞洲的大都會的發展也相較其他地區要快得多，例如中國的珠江三角區和印尼的雅加達、萬隆一線。

Megalopolis

A cluster of well-networked cities is called a megalopolis， a term first used in the early 20th century。 These can occur for a variety of reasons since certain areas tend to attract more growth than others。 Geography can play a large role in the location of megalopolises， as can good international and regional transport links。 The subsequent economic growth of one city can have a positive impact on neighboring locations。 One of the first examples of a megalopolis was the north-eastern coast of the USA from Boston to Washington—the Bos-Wash Megalopolis。 Much like megacities， however， there are more of these regions developing in Asia than anywhere else right now， such as the Pearl River Delta in China， and the Unified Jakarta-Bandung metro area in Indonesia。

© NASA

由專築網李韌，蔣暉編譯

【專築網版權與免責宣告】：本網站註明“來源：專築網”的所有內容版權屬專築網所有，如需轉載，請註明出處