“情態動詞+完成式”表示推測解析

情態動詞must， should， may（might）， ought to， can（could）， need， would等都可以與動詞完成式連用作謂語，其模式為“情態動詞+have+v-ed”。這類結構表示對過去所發生動作的推測或判斷。但是，不同的情態動詞所表示的意思又有所不同。

“must+have+v-ed”表示對過去事情較有把握的、肯定性的推測，常譯為“一定”，“準是”，“肯定”。當must用於推測意義時，其否定形式通常不是must not, 而是can/could not.“can’t/couldn’t+have+v-ed”表示對過去事情的否定性推測，常譯為“決不可能”，“不太可能”。

may(might) +have+v-ed表示從現在看來過去可能發生過某事，沒有“must+have+v-ed”所表示的“邏輯上的必然性”，即“must+have+v-ed”所表示的說話人推斷過去肯定發生過某事。

如：

He said I must have done something bad to deserve it。

他說我肯定是罪有應得。

I think we must have taken a wrong turning somewhere。

我覺得我們一定是在什麼地方拐錯了路。

He must have fallen from a great height。

他肯定是從很高的地方摔下來的。

Since the ditch is full of water， it must have rained last night。

由於溝裡滿是水，昨晚一定下雨了。

He must have known what she wanted。

他一定早已知道她想要什麼了。

I can‘t remember any more ─ I must have lost consciousness。

我想不起來了——我當時一定是失去了知覺。

Some of the older boys must have put him up to it。

那件事準是一些大孩子慫恿他乾的。

It couldn’t have been me ─ it must have been someone else。

那不可能是我——準是別人。

《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

The car must have been doing at least 100 miles an hour。

這車速肯定每小時至少100英里。

Your cheque must have got lost in the post。

你的支票一定是郵寄中遺失的。

I must have been insane to agree to the idea。

我肯定是犯傻了，居然同意了這個想法。

I must have been blind not to realize the danger we were in。

當時我一定是眼瞎了，竟然沒有意識到我們所處的危險。

I thought he was her husband ─ I must have misunderstood。

我以為他是她丈夫——我一定是誤會了。

The thieves must have had someone on the inside helping them。

這些竊賊肯定有內應。

The branch she was standing on must have snapped off。

她當時踩的樹枝一定是突然折斷了。

She reasoned that she must have left her bag on the train。

她斷定準是把包落在火車上了。

Your trip must have been fun！

你這次旅行一定很開心吧！

Judging by the company he kept， Mark must have been a wealthy man。

根據馬克所交往的人來判斷，他一定是位富翁。

You must have wiped off that programme I recorded。

你一定是把我錄製的節目給抹掉了。

Sorry， I must have dialled the wrong number。

對不起，我一定是撥錯電話號碼了。

‘ I must have made a mistake， ’ she said lamely。

“我一定是弄錯了。”她膽怯地說。

Sam was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers ，but it was not returned to him。

薩姆肯定錢包是被一個村民給拾取了，但是沒有人還給他。（新概念2，L45。）

From a heavy gun that was raised，the captain realized that the ship must have been a cruiser。（新概念3，L32）

船長從撈起來的重炮推測這艘船肯定是一艘巡洋艦。

The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization。（新概念3，L3）

這座古城肯定一度很繁榮，因為它享有高度的文明。

You may have read about it in the paper。

你可能在報紙上讀到這件事了。

He may have missed the train。他可能沒有趕上火車。

Human error may have been a contributing factor。

人為的失誤可能是一個起作用的因素。

The contents of the package may have settled in transit。

包裹裡的東西可能在運輸途中搖密實了。

A bolt may have fallen off the plane‘s forward door。

飛機前艙門的一個門閂可能脫落了。

He was a contemporary of Freud and may have known him。

他是弗洛伊德的同代人，可能認識弗洛伊德。

We apologize for the delay and regret any inconvenience it may have caused。

我們對此次延誤以及因此有可能造成的所有不便表示道歉。

You may have misheard her ─ I’m sure she didn‘t mean that。

你可能聽錯她的話了——我肯定她不是這個意思。

The shooting may have been in retaliation for the arrest of the terrorist suspects。

槍擊事件可能是對逮捕嫌疑恐怖分子進行的報復行動。

They may have weaponized quantities of anthrax。

他們可能已將大量炭疽製成了武器。

He may have put pressure on her to agree

他可能向她施加了壓力，迫使她同意。

He may have been to some of those places

那些地方他也許去過一些。

One of these men may have been the murderer。

他們其中有一個人可能是殺人兇手。

I may have made a mistake in that regard。

我在那一點上可能已經犯了一個錯誤。

特別注意：

“must+have+v-ed”也可以在陳述時表示必須完成某件事：

To qualify， you must have lived in this country for at least three years。

你必須在這個國家居住至少三年才能享有此權利。《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

If society is to exist as a unity， its members must have shared values。

社會若要成為一個統一的群體，它的成員就必須有共同的價值觀。

can/could not.“can’t/couldn’t+have+v-ed”表示對過去事情的否定性推測，常譯為“決不可能”，“不太可能”。

His mood of deep pessimism cannot have been leavened by his mode of transport — a black cab

他極度悲觀沮喪，而他的代步工具——一輛黑色的計程車，絲毫不能舒緩這一情緒。

《柯林斯高階英漢雙解學習詞典》

He can’t have slept through all that noise。

他不可能在那種鬧哄哄的環境裡睡好覺。

From her knowledge of Douglas‘s habits， she feels sure that the attacker can’t have been Douglas

根據她對道格拉斯習性的瞭解，她敢斷定他不可能是那個襲擊者。

The extent of the damage could not have been foreseen。

損害的程度是無法預見到的。

Police believe his wife could not have administered the poison。

警方認為他的妻子是不可能下毒的。

He could not have seen me yesterday， because I wasn‘t there。

昨天他不可能見到我，因為當時我不在那裡。

She could not have taken these massive doses orally。 In the first place， she did not have enough pills。

她不可能口服這麼大的劑量，因為她根本沒有足夠的藥丸了。

Winston could not have read the road signs to save his life。

溫斯頓怎麼也學不會看路標（來保命）。

I really could not have wished for a better teacher

這個老師對我來說是再好不過的了。

《柯林斯高階英漢雙解學習詞典》

needn't have done表示：過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。

John went to the station。He need not have done it。

（他本不需要做這件事。）

need have done表示有必要做，但是沒有做的事．

You need have told me about it，but you don’t，why？

實戰練習：

1、Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class； she____have studied very hard。

A）may

B）should

C）must

D）ought to

2、You____her in her office last Friday； she’s been out of town for two weeks。

A）needn’t have seen

B）must have seen

C）might have seen

D）can’t have seen

3、Mary____my letter； otherwise she would have replied before now。

A）has received

B）ought to have received

C）couldn’t have received

D）shouldn’t have received

4、Dinosaurs are thought to____millions of years ago

A）die out

B）have died out

C）having died out

D）dying out

解析：

1、答案選C。must have+v-ed表示推測過去某事一定發生；may have+v-ed表示推測過去某事也許發生。Should/ought to have+v-ed表示“本應該…”根據句意，C為正確選項。

2、答案選D。can’t have+v-ed表示對過去發生事情的否定推測；needn’t+have+v-ed表示過去做了本不必做的事。根據句意D為正確選項。

3、答案選C。根據本句的後半句otherwise she would have replied before now可知，前半句是一個表示與後半句相應的虛擬過去情況的句子。Can’t/couldn’t have v-ed表示過去不可能發生的事情。所以C為正確選項。

4、答案選B。像be believed/found/known/reported/said/supposed/thought後常跟不定式完成式，表達“據知，據報道”等意思，不定式的動作發生在被動結構（謂語動作）所表示的動作之前。根據語法要求B為正確選項。