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英語學習:機器會取代我們的工作嗎?

  • 由 英語學習軌跡 發表于 垂釣
  • 2021-10-07
簡介vt. & vi.交換pronepron:adj.易於

o型環是最差的環嗎

Here‘s a

startling

fact: in the 45 years since the introduction of the automated teller machine, those

vending

machines that

dispense

cash, the number of human bank tellers employed in the United States has

roughly

doubled, from about a quarter of a million to a half a million。 A quarter of a million in 1970 to about a half a million today, with 100,000 added since the year 2000。

startling

/’stɑrtl/:

adj.

令人震驚的,驚人的

vending:

自動 售貨

dispense

/d‘spns/:

vt.

分配, 分發; 施與, 試行;配(藥), 發(藥)

roughly

/’rfli/:adv。 粗糙地;概略地

這裡有一個驚人的事實:自從自動取款機,就是那些可以取現金的機器出現的45年來,美國銀行櫃員的數量大概增加了兩倍,從約25萬增加到了50萬。也就是說1970年的25萬到現在的50萬,其中有10萬是2000年以後增加的。

These facts,

revealed

in a recent book by Boston University economist James Bessen, raise an

intriguing

question: what are all those tellers doing, and why hasn‘t automation

eliminated

their employment by now? If you think about it, many of the great inventions of the last 200 years were designed to replace human labor。 Tractors were developed to substitute mechanical power for human physical

toil

。 Assembly lines were engineered to replace

inconsistent

human

handiwork

with machine perfection。 Computer were programmed to

swap

out error-

prone

, inconsistent human calculation with

digital

perfection。 These inventions have worked。 we no longer dig

ditches

by hand,

pound

tools out of

wrought

iron or do

bookkeeping

using actual books。 And yet, the

fraction

of US adults employed in the labor market is higher now in 2016 than it was 125 years ago, in 1890, and it’s risen in just about every decade in the intervening 125 years。

reveal

/r‘vil/:

vt.

顯示; 露出;洩露; 透露

intriguing

/ntri:g/:

adj.

引起好奇心的;令人感興趣的;有迷惑力的

eliminate

/’lmnet/:

vt.

消除, 排除;忽略;淘汰

inconsistent

/nkn‘sstnt/:

adj.

(思想、意見等)不一致的, 不協調的;易變的, 不穩定的, 反覆無常的

handiwork

/’hnd‘wk/:

n.

手工, 手工藝(品);結果, 行為

swap

/swɑp/:

n.

交換;

vt. & vi.

交換

prone

/pron/:

adj.

易於…的; 很可能…的;俯臥的

digital

/’ddtl/:adj。 數字的;手指的;n。 數字;鍵

ditches

/dt/:vt。 在…上掘溝;把…開入溝裡;[俚]丟棄;vi。 開溝;掘溝;n。 溝渠;壕溝

pound

/pand/:n。 英鎊;獸欄;重擊,重擊聲;拘留所;vt。 搗爛;敲打;監禁,拘留;vi。 連續重擊,猛擊

wrought

/rt/:adj。 鍛造的;加工的;精細的;v。 工作(work的過去分詞)

bookkeeping

/‘bk,kip/:

n.

記賬,簿記,管賬

fraction

/’frkn/:n。 小部分;部分;稍微;[數]分數

這些事實,在最近的一本由波士頓大學經濟學家James Bessen撰寫的書中,引發了一個有趣的問題:這些銀行職員都在做什麼?為什麼自動化服務到現在還沒有讓他們失業?如果你想一下,過去200年內的許多偉大發明的設計初衷都是替代人力勞動。拖拉機的發明讓機械動力替代了人體的勞作。流水線的設計是為了以機器的標準化生產替代手工作業的不穩定性。編寫計算機程式是為了避免易錯且不穩定的人工運算,以實現數字化的精準。這些發明都奏效了。 我們再也不用徒手開挖溝渠,不用鍊鐵打鐵製造工具,或者用實體賬本記賬。然而,2016年美國成年人口的就業比例與125年前的1890年相比更高了,並且這125年間,幾乎每10年都有增長。

This poses a

paradox

。 Our machines increasingly do our work for us。 Why doesn‘t this make our labor redundant and our skills

obsolete

? Why are there still so many jobs?

paradox

/’prdɑks/:n。 似非而是的論點;悖論,反論;自相矛盾的人或事

obsolete

/ɑbs‘lit/:adj。 老式的;廢棄的;n。 廢詞;陳腐的人;vt。 廢棄;淘汰

這就構成了一個矛盾。機器在為我們負擔越來越多的工作。為什麼這沒有使得人類勞動力過剩或者技術被淘汰呢?為什麼還有這麼多工作崗位?

I’m going to try to answer that question tonight, and along the way, I‘m going to tell you what this means for the future of work and the challenges that automation does and does not pose for our society。

今晚我將嘗試回答這個問題,同時說明這對就業前景意味著什麼,以及在我們的社會中,自動化帶來的挑戰和尚未撼動的東西。

Why are there so many jobs? There are actually two fundamental economic principles at

stake

。 One has to do with human genius and creativity。 The other has to do with human

insatiability

, or greed, if you like。 I’m going to call the first of these the O-ring principle, and it determines the type of work that we do。 The second principle is the never-get-enough principle, and it determines how many jobs there actually are。

stake

/stek/:n。 樁,棍子;火刑;賭注;獎金;vt。 資助,支援;系…於樁上;把…押下打賭;vi。 打賭

insatiability

/n,se‘blti/:

n.

不知足,貪求無厭

為什麼還有這麼多崗位?這實際上涉及到兩個經濟學基本原則。其中一個有關人類的聰明才智和創造力。另一個有關人類不斷求索的天性,也可以稱之為貪婪。我把第一個原則稱為,O形環原則,它決定了我們工作的型別。第二個原則叫做“永不滿足”原則,它決定實際存在多少工作崗位。

Let’s start with the O-ring。 ATMs, automated teller machines, had two

countervailing

effects on bank teller employment。 As you would expect, they replaced a lot of teller tasks。 The number of tellers per

branch

fell by about a third。 But banks quickly discovered that it also was cheaper to open new branches, and the number of bank branches increased by about 40 percent in the same time period。 The net result was more branches and more tellers。 But those tellers were doing somewhat different work。 As their

routine

, cash-handling tasks

receded

, they became less like checkout

clerks

and more like salespeople,

forging

relationships with customers, solving problems and introducing them to new products like credit cards, loans and investments: more tellers doing a more

cognitively

demanding job。 There‘s a general principle here。 Most of the work that we do requires a multiplicity of skills, and brains

brawn

, technical expertise and

intuitive

mastery

perspiration

and

inspiration

in the words of Thomas Edison。 In general, automating some

subset

of those tasks doesn’t make the other ones unnecessary。 In fact, it makes them more important。 It increases their economic valve。

countervailing

/‘kant’vel/:

adj.

補償的; 彌補的; 抵消的

branch

/brnt/:vt。 分支;出現分歧;vi。 分支;出現分歧;n。 樹枝,分枝;分部;支流

routine

/r‘tin/:n。 例行公事;日常工作;程式;adj。 日常的;例行的

recede

/r’sid/:vi。 後退;減弱;vt。 歸還

clerk

/klk/:n。 職員,辦事員;店員;書記;記帳員;vi。 當銷售員,當店員

forging

/‘frd/:

n.

鍛鍊,偽造

cognitively:

認知

brawn

/brn/:n。 發達的肌肉;膂力;醃製好的野豬肉

intuitive

/n’tutv/:

adj.

有直覺力的;憑直覺獲知的

mastery

/‘mstri/:n。 精通;優勢;統治權;征服;掌握

perspiration

/psp’ren/:

n.

汗;汗水;出汗;流汗

inspiration

/nsp‘ren/:n。 靈感;妙計;吸氣;鼓舞

subset

/’sbst/:

n.

子集

讓我們從O形環原則開始講。ATM,即自動取款機,給銀行職員的聘用帶來了兩種相反的影響。它們代替了很多櫃員業務。每家銀行的職員數量減少了大約三分之一。但很快銀行發現,設定新分行的成本也降低了,而且在同一時期內,分行的數量增長了大約40。淨結果就是更多的銀行和更多的職員。不過,這些銀行職員的工作內容發生了變化。隨著他們常規的現金業務的減少,他們不太像辦事員了,而是更像銷售員。和客戶建立關係,為他們解決問題,給客戶介紹諸如信用卡,貸款,投資等新的產品: 更多的銀行職員從事著對腦力勞動需求更高的工作。這裡有一個普適的原則。我們從事的大部分工作要求多樣化的技能。既要頭腦聰明,又要堅韌不拔,既要求專業技術,又要求敏銳的直覺,用愛迪生的話來說就是天才加勤奮。總的來說,讓其中的一些任務自動化不代表其它的內容變的不必要了。恰恰相反,這使得其它的技能變得更加重要。它們的經濟價值得到了提升。

Let me give you a

stark

example。 In 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded and crashed back down to Earth less than two minutes after takeoff。 The cause of that crash, it turned out, was an inexpensive rubber O-ring in the

booster

rocket that had frozen on the launchpad the night before and failed

catastrophically

moments after takeoff。 In this multibillion dollar

enterprise

that simple rubber O-ring made the difference between mission success and the

calamitous

death of seven astronauts。 And ingenious

metaphor

for this tragic setting is the O-ring production function, named by Harvard economist Michael Kremer after the Challenger disaster。 The O-ring production function

conceives

of the work as a series of

interlocking

steps, links in a chain。 Every one of those links must hold for the mission to succeed。 If any of them fails, the mission, or the product or the service, comes crashing down。 This

precarious

situation has a surprisingly positive implication, which is that improvements in the reliability of any one link in the chain increases the value of improving any of the other links。

Concretely

, if most of the links are brittle and prone to breakage, the fact that your link is not that reliable is not that important。 Probably something else will break anyway。 But as all the other links become

robust

and reliable, the importance of your link becomes more essential。 In the limit, everything depends upon it。 The reason the O-ring was critical to space shuttle Challenger is because everything else worked perfectly。 If the Challenger were kind of the space era equivalent of Microsoft Windows 2000——the reliability of the O-ring wouldn‘t have mattered because the machine would have crashed。

stark

/stɑrk/:

adj.

僵硬的, 光禿禿的, 荒涼的;完全的, 全然的

booster

/’bust/:n。 升壓機;支持者;擴爆器

catastrophically:

災難性的

enterprise

/‘nt’praz/:

n.

事業, 計劃;事業心, 進取心;企[事]業單位, 公司

calamitous

/k‘lmts/:

adj.

災難的;悲慘的

metaphor

/’mtf/:

n.

隱喻

conceive

/kn‘siv/:vt。 構思;持有;以為;懷孕;vi。 懷孕;設想;考慮

interlocking

/int’lki/:

adj.

聯鎖的

precarious

/pr‘krrs/:

adj.

依靠機會的; 不確定的;不安全的; 不穩固的

Concretely

/’knkri:tli/:

adv.

具體地

robust

/ro‘bst/:adj。 強健的;健康的;粗野的;粗魯的

給你們舉一個很直接的例子。1986年,挑戰者號航天飛船在起飛後不到2分鐘的時間內爆炸並墜落到地面。後來發現事故原因是助推火箭上的一個小小的橡膠O形環前一晚在發射平臺上凍住了,在發射不久後失效並引發了悲劇。在這項耗資幾十億美元的巨大工程中,那個小小的橡膠O形環決定了發射成功,還是導致7位航天員的慘死。對這一悲劇催生的一個巧妙的比喻, 是O形環生產方程(O-ring production function),由哈佛大學經濟學家Michael Kremer 在挑戰者號悲劇之後命名。O形環生產方程認為一項成果是由一系列互相聯結的步驟組成的鏈。每一處聯結都必須牢固才能保證任務的成功。如果任意一處的聯結失敗了,這項任務,或是產品,或是服務都會失敗。這種危險的情況有令人驚訝的積極影響,因為它可以保證流程上任何一個環節的可靠性對其它環節的價值能夠產生一個促進的作用。具體來說,如果流程中大多數的聯結很脆弱並且易於破裂,那麼每個環節的可靠與否就顯得不那麼重要了。反正很有可能別的東西也會壞掉。但當所有環節都變得很堅固可靠時,每一個環節就都顯得很重要。極限狀況下,每個細節都與它息息相關。O型環對挑戰者號很重要的原因,是因為其它一切都可以很好地執行。如果挑戰者號可以在空間上等同於微軟Windows 2000——那麼O型環的可靠性 就不那麼重要了,因為機器也多半會(因為其他原因)壞掉。

Here’s the broader point。 In much of the work that we do, we are the O-ring。 Yes, ATMs could do certain cash-handling tasks faster and better than tellers, but that didn‘t make tellers

superfluous

。 It increased the importance of their problem-solving skills and their relationships with customers。 The same principle applies if we’re building a building, if we‘re

diagnosing

and caring for a patient, or if we are teaching a class to a

roomful

of high schoolers。 As our tools improve, technology magnifies our leverage and increases the importance of our expertise and our judgment and our creativity。

superfluous

/s’pfls/:

adj.

過多的; 過剩的; 多餘的

diagnosing

/daɡ‘nos/:vt。 診斷;斷定;vi。 判斷;診斷

roomful

/’rmfl/:n。 滿房間;全屋的人

這是一個更寬泛的觀點。在我們做的很多工作中 ,我們就是O型環。是的,ATM機可以做一些處理現金的任務,而且跟銀行櫃員比起來更快、更好,但這並不代表銀行櫃員就是多餘的。它提升了他們解決問題的能力, 以及與顧客的關係。同樣的原理也適用於建造一棟大樓,診斷和照顧一位病人,或者是給一教室的高中生教一門課。隨著我們的工具功能越來越強大,科技放大了我們的影響力,提高了專業性的重要性,同時增強了我們的判斷力和創造力。

——未完待續;

注:本文來源於TED,Will automation take away all our jobs? 作者:David Autor。

英語學習:機器會取代我們的工作嗎?

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